Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Chiral and Achiral molecules
Introduction In the world of chemistry, chirality is all about “handedness.” Certain molecules have a specific spatial arrangement that makes them unique from their…
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Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Enantiomerism
In Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Enantiomerism is vital because the human body is a chiral environment composed of chiral building blocks like L-amino acids and D-sugars.…
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Optical Activity
Optical activity is the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of Plane Polarized Light (PPL). This occurs in molecules that contain a…
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Stereo isomerism
Stereochemistry is the ‘chemistry of space’. It deals with the spatial arrangements of atoms and groups in a molecule. Stereoisomerism is crucial to understand because…
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Limit Tests
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests designed to identify and control small quantities of impurities which are likely to be present in a…
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Sources of impurities in medicinal agents
In Pharmaceutical Chemistry, an impurity is any substance present in a medicinal agent other than the chemical entity itself. Even a tiny amount of…
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Errors in Pharmaceutical Analysis
An error is the difference between the measured value and the “true” or accepted value. Even with the best equipment, some error is always…
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Preparation and standardization of various Molar and Normal solutions
Preparation and standardization are fundamental techniques in analytical chemistry. It is crucial to understand the principle, chemical reactions, equivalent weight calculations, and the indicators…
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Primary and Secondary standards
In Pharmaceutical Analysis, “Standards” are the backbone of every measurement. To understand them easily, think of a Primary Standard as the “Master Key” and…
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