fats and oils

Acid, Saponification and Ester Values

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Learn acid, saponification and ester values with clear definitions, principles, reactions, procedures, formulas, worked numericals and exam-focused comparisons for B.Pharm students.

Drying Oils: Definition, Mechanism, Classification, Examples and Uses

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Learn drying oils through clear notes on oxidative polymerization, free-radical mechanism, iodine-value classification, examples, tests, uses, factors and safety.

Hydrolysis and Hydrogenation of oils

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Hydrolysis and hydrogenation of oils comparison showing reactions, conditions, products, iodine value changes, and applications

Learn the hydrolysis and hydrogenation of oils through clear reactions, conditions, products, property changes, applications, and exam-focused comparisons.